What kind of Hebrew is the Siddur written in?
I've done tons of research into the differences between modern and ancient Hebrew, but I have not found the answer to in which one was the Siddur written. My assumption is, because the ArtScroll Siddur was compiled recently (the one I have), it is modern Hebrew. There is a popular book online, Prayerbook Hebrew the Easy Way, whose existence would imply that prayerbook Hebrew is a specific thing. My assumption is that it's modern Hebrew that just focusses on religious vocabulary. Would this be correct? And could one use this as a platform to learn modern/ancient Hebrew?
Thank you
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Well, as you said it's a COMPILATION. Some parts are from the Tanakh, and some other parts (like Amidah) are from the Mishnaic period (70 CE or before). Some Siddurs have in addition few prayers in modern Hebrew, but that depends on the specific Siddur you're using (and these "modern" prayers are not mandatory and we usually don't say them as a part of the Tefillah).
As to your question about the platform to learn modern/ancient Hebrew - you didn't say what you want it for.
If you just want to UNDERSTAND modern/ancient Hebrew then you can just learn either one and you'll understand the other one as well because they are very similar. I remember reading Genesis in grade 1 without any particular difficulty (and I'm a native speaker of modern Hebrew). It's like if you know American English you can understand British English as well, even though there are some differences.
But if you want it for RESEARCH purposes (Linguistic etc.) then I'd suggest reading the Tanakh for ancient Hebrew and newspapers/modern books for modern Hebrew.
(And BTW, your term "ancient Hebrew" isn't accurate - linguistics say that there are many different stages in ancient Hebrew... even inside the Tanakh itself, some books are written in what they call 'Standard Biblical Hebrew' and some other books are written in 'Late Biblical Hebrew'.)
Artscroll is an Orthodox Siddur.
The Ashkenazi version is the compilation of prayers that are accepted by the mainstream traditional Jews of all of Europe.
The Sephardi version is the compilation of prayers that are accepted by the majority of mainstream traditional Jews of the rest of the world.
If you have the Artscroll it gives citations for the specific sources of most of the prayers, including their composers.
A substantial number come directly from the Tanakh (the Jewish Bible) - which was completed about 2500 years ago - in Hebrew.
The Shemoneh Esreh was finalised roughly two thousand years ago - in Hebrew.
Then there are some passages from the Mishnah and Gemarah (all completed before roughly 1500 years ago) - these are mostly in Aramaic - not Hebrew
Then there are a number of prayers composed by medieval rabbis (anywhere between 1500 years ago and maybe 800 years ago) - in Hebrew.
There are only maybe two or three prayers which were composed by modern Hebrew speakers in the period after the establishment of the State of Israel.
But even these are not in the "modern Hebrew" that people speak on the street in Israel.